Qubit operations are realized via pairs of Raman beams, derived from a single 355-nm mode-locked laser. State preparation and readout are accomplished by optical pumping and state-dependent fluorescence detection ( 9). All control and measurement are performed optically. The qubits are magnetic-field–insensitive pairs of states in the hyperfine-split S 1 / 2 2 ground level of each atom, which gives a qubit frequency of 12.642821 GHz. The ion-trap system consists of five 171Yb + ions that are confined in a linear Paul trap and laser cooled close to their motional ground state ( Fig. In addition, the results suggest that codesigning particular quantum applications with the hardware itself will be paramount in successfully using quantum computers in the future. Although the quantum systems here are not yet large enough to eclipse classical computers, this experiment exposes critical factors of scaling quantum computers, such as qubit connectivity and gate expressivity. We show that quantum algorithms and circuits that use more connectivity clearly benefit from a better-connected system of qubits. Even though the two systems have different native quantum interactions, both can be programed in a way that is blind to the underlying hardware, thus allowing a comparison of identical quantum algorithms between different physical systems. One is a publicly accessible superconducting transmon device ( with limited connectivity, and the other is a fully connected trapped-ion system. We run a selection of algorithms on two state-of-the-art 5-qubit quantum computers that are based on different technology platforms.
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